Impact of Culture on International Business

Impact of Culture on International Business Doing business on the international plane presents many challenges because of a variety of factors which differ from one market to the other. These differences are basically informed by the environment of the host country, which is often times different from that at home. One of the environmental factors that present such a challenge is culture. Culture can be defined as complex construct that embodies a peoples knowledge, morals, art, beliefs, customs, laws and other capabilities gathered by a community over time (Clifton, 2004). The culture of the host country strongly impacts on the performance of a firm that engages in international business. Notable aspects of culture central to the conduct of international business include the social structure, religion, language and education. G4S, a company that has established itself in international business has had its fair share of challenges in this area. Social structure has to do with how society is socially organized. It could be looked at from the individual-group dimension, or from the social stratification dimension. Some societies consider an individual the pillar of social organization (Emerson, 2007). This is the scenario G4S encountered when it entered the American and most Western markets. The challenge here was how to instill a sense of teamwork among employees. It was an uphill task for managers who had been socialized to believe in the superiority of teamwork, as individuals compete against each other for results. On the Japanese market however, the firm found that emphasis was on group, rather than individual performance. Though this is said to be the driving force behind the companys success in Japan, it is vilified for imbedding creativity, and is touted as a stumbling block to dynamism. This, indeed, is a challenge the firm has had to deal with. Social stratification has to do with placing members of society in certain classes. There are those in the lower, middle and upper classes. Many times, this is borne out of ones family background, income or occupation. Those from the lower class only hope to move from that class to the upper one through a process called social mobility, which is in most cases done through education and job opportunities. When opportunities for mobility are suffocated, there is likely to be conflict between the classes; and in the job situation, between management and employees. Some societies have room for social mobility, while others do not. A country like Britain has less social mobility (Hill Jain, 2008, p. 66, 67). As a result, there is always simmering tension between management and workers, which the firm has had to deal with from time to time. When industrial disputes become frequent, the firm finds doing business in the country quite expensive. Such a problem is not common in America, where social mobility is easy. G4S operates in countries with various religious persuasions, which have an effect on its operations. In predominantly Christian (protestant) countries such as Britain, America and most of Africa, the spirit of entrepreneurship has helped expand the companys operations and profitability. Protestantism advocates for hard work and creation of wealth for Gods glory, but abstinence from worldly pleasures. Since the resources earned from working cannot be spend on leisurely pursuits, the only other option is to reinvest it in expanding the business (Hill Jain, 2008, p. 70). The Christian ethic, which is a cultural issue, is supportive of the entrepreneurial (capitalist) mindset. Doing business in Islamic countries such as Saudi Arabia is rather tricky. In the first place, the Islamic culture frowns upon charging interest on loan. Doing business in such an environment has been very expensive. The fact that adherents of Islam do not work on Fridays goes against the practice in other countr ies, and managers found it difficult making adjustments. The Islamic culture also favors market based systems and when they suspect one is making exorbitant profits, however justified, the establishment begins putting sanctions in the companys ways. This has hindered the company from making maximum profits from its investment, which is the hallmark of the capitalist culture from where the company originates. There have also been problems of negative perception of the company because of the historical West-Islamic conflict, making the firms operations difficult. When tensions between the two sides run high, sometimes the companys property is destroyed, or its products and services shunned by customers. This reduces the companys profitability. Operations in China where Confucianism advocates for individual connections rather than the rule of law have also been problematic. Business ethics have not been adhered to, making the firm lose out on opportunities for lack of connections, refe rred to as Guanxi (Goodrich, 2005). G4S once lost case where a company that had breached a contract was left unpunished because one the companys top executives was a son to a leading politician. Though this would appear to be unethical in most Western countries, it is perfectly normal in China, as the company later came to learn. For the sake of survival, G4S has now been forced to recruit well-connected local executives, and to enter partnerships with local companys belonging to senior government officials. This is normal in order in China. Most of the countries in which G4S operates have diverse linguistic backgrounds. This has posed major problems, especially in Saudi Arabia, where most people speak Arabic. Expatriate managers without the knowledge of Arabic have found it very hard to communicate when marketing the companys products and services. This has forced them to attend Arabic classes so as to make them perform better. Most African countries with a multiplicity of languages also pose problems of multiple cultures, which call for extensive training on the part of managers for these regions. Formal education determines the quality of skill, values, norms and the general socialization of individuals. G4S has had problems operating in countries such as Somalia and Rwanda in Africa, which have no proper system of formal education. In most cases, the firm has had to rely on expatriates to fill top management positions. References Clifton, J. (2004). Culture and International Business. New York: Blackwell Publishers Ltd. Emerson, N. (2007). The Social Dimension of International Business. Beverly Hill: Sage Books. Goodrich, A. (2005). The Dynamics of Global Business. Chicago: Gift Book Publishers. Hill, C. W and Jain, A. K. (2008). International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace. New Delhi. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited. Impact of Culture on International Business Impact of Culture on International Business In this essay I am going critically to evaluate the impact of culture on the International Business. Culture is a term which could be defined in many ways. All the people have different attitudes and perceptions so when being asked what is culture for them , the answer will always have different aspects. Despite the we all believe we have impulsive knowledge on what culture mean defining it is more complex. According to Kroeber and Kluckhohns research culture may be defined in more than 160 ways. Best culture descriptions that were found during the research are that culture is. Different aspects of culture help different people to find the best field for them. But theres a case when culture affects the whole society not only individuals. According to Francis Fukuyama the most crucial area of modern life in which culture exercises a direct influence on domestic well-being and international order is the economy. Although economic activity is inextricably linked with social and political life, there is a mistaken tendency (â‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦) to regard the economy as a facet of life with its own laws, separate from the rest of society. The comprehensive cultures impact on international business might be found in every international company as culture affects HRM , International marketing , supply chain , operations management , corporate strategies and especially way of doing business. On the other hand cultures influence may be found mainly in values , beliefs and behavior. We can simply view three cultural differences across values , beliefs and behavior (see Appendix 2) The main summary about culture we can make is that when comparing different cultures we can define 4 key assumptions. Cultures are not homogenous. Within every culture there are subcultures . For example the caste system in India, working class culture. Also place of residence. For example Basque people , French Canadian. Cultural heritage and its interpretation are very individual, so we cant assume that two people from one country will behave in similar way or to have common beliefs. Separation of cultural issues from economic and political is complex as all three factors interact to influence views and beliefs. Defining the degree of differences between cultures is not straightforward because recognition of differences is a subjective issue. As the level of international trade and travel increases cultures become increasingly associated and the cultural diffusion may alter the significance of national cultures. As we saw that culture influences beliefs , values and behavior , its likely that the culture affects also the management style. The variations of what authorizes the management are not different in black and white terms , because theres a cross-cultural understanding of the purpose of doing business and the nature of management task. However there are differences of emphasis , priority and understanding which may create a variety of styles and practice. In fact the differences can be found by separating countries in a cluster. According to Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions there are four kinds of them which are used in order to compare national cultures. Individualism versus collectivism Individual rights and freedoms are fundamental values in individualistic cultures.  Special emphasis is placed on personal career and remuneration.  Collectivistic cultures are built on a foundation of values: harmony between people in the group, the priority of group needs and interests.  Hofstede concludes that all rich countries are individualistic and poor collectivist.  In societies individualistic relationships can be planned and either party to terminate them if they replace them with a good offer from elsewhere.  In collectivist cultures are characterized by relationships of moral and emotional nature. Power Distance Each member of the organization defines different levels of owned by him and other members of the groups organizational status, prestige and level in the organizational hierarchy.  Various are the rights deriving from the hierarchical level.  Subordinates carry out the decisions of superiors in a different way.  Use categories: gender, inequality, privilege, social position, status, power, etc. podchineiie  Studies of Hofstede put Asian and South American countries together with Belgium, France, Italy and Spain in the group of countries with a high index of severity of hierarchical position.  Scandinavian countries and the U.S. have low values of this parametyr, Bulgaria is among the countries that are characterized by the greatest difference between managers and subordinates. Uncertainty avoidance There are societies in which the uncertainty of future worries people, and vice versa.  For those societies are characterized respectively high or low depending on the experts in solving problems as small or large mode of individual consciousness to deal with them.Societies that do not take the risk and fear of tomorrow, develop pluralism of opinions and are willing to deal with individual problems.  In other societies, people are fighting for the future, they are nervous and aggressive.  They feel threatened by the world around them because they avoid the risk.  Hence the characteristics of the crop in their respective organizations: subordinates seek clear instructions and managers, preferring more rules and laws.  Bulgaria is among the countries in which people feel moderately stressed, are more conservative beliefs and value safety. Masculinity v femininity G. Hofstede defines masculinity as the extent to which dominant values in society are considered aggressive, pursuing the goals by all means.  The orientation is towards money and possession of property.  Cultures with a feminine nature, appreciate the relationship between people, caring for others, overall quality of life.   Dimension masculinity femininity is important to determine the methods of reasoning in the job, the choice of approaches to solving nl most complex tasks of conflict resolution.In Table.  5.5.  reflected the consequences for organizations of prevailing masculinity or femininity in the national culture (adapt. 3, 5, 12, 15 and 18). Depending on national cultures are formed organizational value systems and behavior.  Large transnational corporations are constantly confronted with the problem of national cultures, assessed the compatibility of cultures, predict the development of their interaction and assign them (incorporate).   So for every businessperson that is going to deal for a first time with a specific country can easily to look at the clusters (see Appendix 3 , fig 1) and to get an idea whit what kind of culture hes facing and how to deal. These clusters show that theres a level of cultural attraction between groups of nations so its easier to make a general understanding of management practice. But there are danger s of making groupings of countries. The detail of how people behave in certain situations must be discovered by own experience and discussions with people who have already worked with the particular country. Although having an understanding of a nations characteristics at a good level is very useful in international business because in different parts of the world theres a different management styles and because each of the main business factors are affected by the culture and cultural differences. When a company is creating its international strategy , it should consider where and what is going to sell , also to evaluate if the product will be accepted , because the future of the products success depends on the cultural understanding of the people who are going to buy it. For example for a company selling pork meat will be impossible to sell in Islamic countries because of the religion restrictions. Also staff should be employed in a variety of adequacy in the foreign locations. So human resource management need to be sensitive to any cultural need that might to individual countries. Similarly if a company wants to establish overseas plants , the culture and cultural difference can easily affect the way of production and content and format of any financial reports produced to report the firms performance. Its important to look how culture affects the operations management , international marketing , human resource management and finance functions. Impact of culture on International Marketing Its clear that the cultural differences across the world offers not only challenges but also opportunities for the international marketing. When being on a business trip its interesting to face products and facts that might be regarded as strange . For example advertisements of well-known brands completely different than those ones at home , or even opening hours for shops. All of those simple facts are of a great importance for marketing managers and pose potential threats for them when developing a strategy. When a company which is going to expand overseas is developing its strategy there are four alternatives for it: selling the product without changes on international markets. modifying products for different countries or regions. developing new products for foreign markets. incorporating all differences in a single product and introducing a global product Having categorized cultural groupings and cultural characteristics , managers are able to seek new overseas markets to expand their firms , to sell more goods , and to raise profits. Even culture might be suggested as a tool for marketing segmentation because if the culture in the target country is similar to the culture in the existing markets , its a precondition that selling the product in the target country might be successful. Products sold on foreign markets are influenced by the local behavior, tastes, attitudes and traditions in each market. The Coca Cola Companys attempt to sell Diet  Coke product on the Japanese market was not successful because the Japanese do not  consider themselves overweight and Japanese women do not want to admit they are  dieters turning to products whose label specifies that. The company was forced to  change the product name in Coke Light, and the promotion emphasized keeping in  shape by consuming the product, and not losing weight. Goods intended for consumers are more likely to suffer changes because they need to be adopted to meet the customers expectation in the target market and to meet the economic conditions of it. There are many examples of international firms that adjust their products to meet the specific expectations of the overseas markets. For example, McDonalds was forced to remove their menus including pork and beef meat and to create menus especially for the Indian market. The company has also developed rice-based  menus in China, started selling beer in Germany, wine in France, and in Japan  the character Ronald McDonald was called Donald McDonald to be easier to  pronounce by the Japanese. Another cultural issue that is effecting the international business is the price because it needs to match exactly the level of economic development in the target country. McDonalds is an exact example of that. When McDonalds opened in India , the company wasnt forced only to remove the beef and pork menus but also to reduce the prices of all goods which were sold in the restaurants. But still despite the fall in prices recent statistics show that McDonalds in India raised their profits by 8,9%. Human Resource Management In every company the HRM Manager is in charge to care for recruiting and training staff , working methods and time. For every company dealing across the world , its very likely to have staff of mixed nationalities which could lead to cultural confounding. When recruiting staff , some cultures will apply more conducted approach. For example the approach will be based on accurate qualification for the job and also test in order to asses the potential ability of the candidates. Other cultures will act differently by applying more easygoing approach. For example this approach is based on education, personal recommendation or employer networks. A main concept that is also relevant to the HRM is Hofstedes concept of power distance. Its relevant because its related to mans attitudes to hierarchy and also the way in which this might be translated into different ranges of pay levels of the highest and the lowest in the company. For example in France which Hofstede defined in the Power Distance group , theres a great gap between lowest and highest paid employee while in contrast the more collectivist and low power distance countries the gap is much smaller. Finance In order a company to pursue its goals and objectives it must be ensured with sufficient funds. Also need to be monitored if funds are used efficiently and correctly , if financial performance is reported to then management and shareholders. These are the main functions of the finance within every business. But elements mainly influenced by culture are sources of finance and reporting practice. Sources that might be used for companies expanding vary between different countries , as sources reflect not only on the political economy of the countries but also on their state of economic and financial development. For example in countries as japan and Germany usual form of sourcing business is by having loan from a bank while in the USA and UK businesses rely more on raising money by selling equity shares on the stock market. In order to expand overseas , companies may choose to find the money from the host or home country or even from third country. For example, when McDonalds decided to open their first restaurant in Moscow in 1990 during the Soviet Union. The company has used a joint venture with the Moscow City Council. Despite all the funds came from the franchisor from Canada and the US headquarters , the deal was to pay to the City Council in order to be allowed to operate in Moscow. So the agreement reflected the Soviet/Russian political system where business and state a re closely connected. So its fair to say that the financial arrangements were partially influenced by culture. Similarly there isnt an unified approach for reporting financial results by annual reports. For example nations as Germany , Italy and France use continental approach and is heavily influenced by tax regulations. The reports information is designed to allow the tax authorities and government to compute and monitor the liability. While Australia , USA and UK use Anglo-Saxon approach. Its assumed that the shareholders are the main users and the information provided in the report allows them to asses the companys performance and their investments performance. These differences are of a great importance for international companies because when they enter the international market and build their branches they will be challenged to agree to the local terms and rules. Also the financial information from all the branches should be combined in addition to create consolidated accounts. Common practice for international companies is to create unified reporting system based on home countrys rules and terms. So then the international branches use this system in order to prepare their financial reports. After reports are finished then the local staff in the international branches reworks the reports in order to meet the local regulations. Appendix 1 shared patterns of behavior (Mead) ; Collective mental programming (Hofstede); A set of base assumptions shared solution to universal problemsâ‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦ handed down from one generation to the next ( Schein) ; The essential core of culture consists of traditional ideas and especially their attached values (Krober and Kluckhohn)

Pass the Potato Chips Essay -- Health Nutrition Food Papers

Pass the Potato Chips Has mankind discovered some fantastic substitute for fat to enable people to eat as many snacks as possible without gaining weight? Recently, Proctor & Gamble developed Olestra (sucrose polyester), a zero calorie fat-based substitute, at a cost of $200 million. This product has been approved by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) with warning labels. What is olestra? The olestra molecule differs from a fat molecule in that it has six to eight fatty acids on a sucrose core, as opposed to three fatty acids on a glycerol core. The bulkier olestra molecule is not digested, absorbed , or metabolized, and thus provides no calories† (Stern & Hermann-Zaidins ,1992 ). It has the same taste and texture of fat, and even retains this texture in deep frying. One ounce of potato chips with olestra contains only 70 calories, as opposed to the usual 160 calories (http://plainfield.bypass.com/%7Etwilbur/olestra.html). What is the purpose of olestra? The purpose of olestra is two-fold. Consumers believe they can cut calories eating products containing olestra. Since this fat substitute decreases fat intake, the result is weight loss. More importantly, less fat in a person’s daily diet cuts down the risk of heart disease, cancer, and other illnesses. What products will contain olestra? Developed by Proctor & Gamble, olestra will be used in potato chips, in corn chips, in crackers, and in other snack foods under the name Olean. Consumers who are interested in purchasing olestra products should try Frito-Lay’s MAX line of snack foods (only sold in limited test markets in the United States). Frito-Lay MAX products will eventually be offered nationwide if test market consumers place these snacks in ... ...n. June 1996, Volume 63, No. 6, 891-895. Greenberg, E., Robert, M.D., et al. Mortality Associated with Low Plasma Concentration of Beta Carotene and the Effect of Oral Supplementation. Journal of American Medical Association. March 6, 1996, Volume 275, No. 9, 699-703. Seddon, Johanna M., M.D., et al. Dietary Carotenoids, Vitamins A, C, and E, and Advance Age-Related Macular Regeneration. Journal of American Medical Association. November 9, 1994, Volume 272, No. 18, 1413-1420. Stern, Judith S., Hermann-Zaidins, Mindy G. Fat Replacements: A New Strategy for Dietary Change. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. January 1992, Volume 92, No. 1, 91-94. Weststrate, Jan., Van hef Hof, Karin H. Sucrose Polyester and plasma carotenoid concentrations in healthy subjects. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. September 1995, Volume 62, No. 3, 591-597. Pass the Potato Chips Essay -- Health Nutrition Food Papers Pass the Potato Chips Has mankind discovered some fantastic substitute for fat to enable people to eat as many snacks as possible without gaining weight? Recently, Proctor & Gamble developed Olestra (sucrose polyester), a zero calorie fat-based substitute, at a cost of $200 million. This product has been approved by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) with warning labels. What is olestra? The olestra molecule differs from a fat molecule in that it has six to eight fatty acids on a sucrose core, as opposed to three fatty acids on a glycerol core. The bulkier olestra molecule is not digested, absorbed , or metabolized, and thus provides no calories† (Stern & Hermann-Zaidins ,1992 ). It has the same taste and texture of fat, and even retains this texture in deep frying. One ounce of potato chips with olestra contains only 70 calories, as opposed to the usual 160 calories (http://plainfield.bypass.com/%7Etwilbur/olestra.html). What is the purpose of olestra? The purpose of olestra is two-fold. Consumers believe they can cut calories eating products containing olestra. Since this fat substitute decreases fat intake, the result is weight loss. More importantly, less fat in a person’s daily diet cuts down the risk of heart disease, cancer, and other illnesses. What products will contain olestra? Developed by Proctor & Gamble, olestra will be used in potato chips, in corn chips, in crackers, and in other snack foods under the name Olean. Consumers who are interested in purchasing olestra products should try Frito-Lay’s MAX line of snack foods (only sold in limited test markets in the United States). Frito-Lay MAX products will eventually be offered nationwide if test market consumers place these snacks in ... ...n. June 1996, Volume 63, No. 6, 891-895. Greenberg, E., Robert, M.D., et al. Mortality Associated with Low Plasma Concentration of Beta Carotene and the Effect of Oral Supplementation. Journal of American Medical Association. March 6, 1996, Volume 275, No. 9, 699-703. Seddon, Johanna M., M.D., et al. Dietary Carotenoids, Vitamins A, C, and E, and Advance Age-Related Macular Regeneration. Journal of American Medical Association. November 9, 1994, Volume 272, No. 18, 1413-1420. Stern, Judith S., Hermann-Zaidins, Mindy G. Fat Replacements: A New Strategy for Dietary Change. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. January 1992, Volume 92, No. 1, 91-94. Weststrate, Jan., Van hef Hof, Karin H. Sucrose Polyester and plasma carotenoid concentrations in healthy subjects. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. September 1995, Volume 62, No. 3, 591-597.

Thomas Sophonow

January 7, 2013 Thomas Sophonow Background Thomas sophonow has two siblings a brother and a sister. The brother Philip is the oldest and his sister Catherine the second oldest and Thomas being the youngest. His parents had divorced which made the mother responsible for taking care of the children. They became a poor family and he and his brother would steal fruits and vegetables for his family. Thomas was placed in foster homes and in juvenile detention facilities.At one point in his life he was involved in a group called the Neo-Nazi party and then the Hare Krishna with the joining of these two groups he wanted to find a place for himself in society. Childhood Conviction Thomas has had a criminal record due to offences that were generally minor and none that had any aspect of violence. His last conviction was several years before his arrest of the charge of murder. He had been charged with a drug offence and these charges had been withdrawn. Relationship When Thomas was young he had a relationship with a woman and even fathered a child that he has never seen nor supported.He was married to Nadine on June 19, 1978 and had a daughter named Kimberly. He and Nadine had separated and did not contribute to support of Kimberly. Thomas wanted to give Kimberly present that he got from Vancouver but could not make the arrangements that were satisfactory to both Nadine and him so he left the present with his brother and sister in-law. Work Record Thomas worked as a labourer at Ocean Cement for 4 to 6 months in 1972. He was a bouncer at the Smiling Buddha Cabaret in the mid 70’s and worked at Wagner Engineering in Vancouver from 1976 to 1978.In 1980-1981 he worked at R&T landscaping with his brother in law which proved that he was good with his hands and liked what he did while landscaping and gardening. At his other jobs that were mentioned he advanced from floor sweeper to apprentice machinist at Versatile which means he has the ability to work at jobs which requ ires skill and training. Summary of the Case Barbara Stoppel was working at the Ideal Donut Shop when around 8:30 in the evening twine has been placed around her neck in which then she was strangled. She had died a few days later at St. Boniface Hospital.Sophonow was charged with the murder based on a jailhouse informant. After this Thomas underwent three trials. First trial was a mistrial as the jury was unable to reach a unanimous decision. At the second and third trials he had been convicted. Thomas was released from prison after 45 months of wrongful imprisonment. In 1998, the Winnipeg Police Service undertook a reinvestigation of the murder of Barbara Stoppel. On June 8th, 2000 Winnipeg police announced new evidence had been shown to clear Sophonow of the crime and the suspected had been identified. Innocence Proved byThomas’s innocence had been proven by the absence of evidence that caused his conviction to be reversed in 1985 by the Manitoba Court of Appeals that order ed his acquittal. Compensation On November 5th, 2001 the Manitoba Justice Minister released a report recommending he receive a payment of $2. 6 million Canadian. Work Cited http://forejustice. org/db/Sophonow–Thomas. html http://www. gov. mb. ca/justice/publications/sophonow/compensation/workrecord. html http://www. gov. mb. ca/justice/publications/sophonow/compensation/tsbackground. html http://www. cbc. ca/news/canada/story/2009/08/06/f-wrongfully-convicted. html#sophonow

Writing Techniques of Emily Dickinson Essay - 2110 Words

Emily Dickinson is one of the most interesting female poets of the nineteenth century. Every author has unique characteristics about him/her that make one poet different from another, but what cause Emily Dickinson to be so unique are not only the words she writes, but how she writes them. Her style of writing is in a category of its own. To understand how and why she writes the way she does, her background has to be brought into perspective. Every poet has inspiration, negative or positive, that contributes not only to the content of the writing itself, but the actual form of writing the author uses to express his/her personal talents. Emily Dickinson is no different. Her childhood and adult experiences and culture form†¦show more content†¦The controversy surrounding Emily Dickinson is her odd lifestyle and her tendencies to be somewhat of a recluse. She is sometimes considered abnormal because she does things differently from most others. She spends much of her li fe dressed in white and withdrawn from much of society. Of course, her peers take this negatively, but what they do not understand is that her being so private is more of a meditation to her, instead of a hiding. She just wants to escape the pressures she feels are normally required of women. She does not want to be a servant to sick and elderly. She feels she has more potential for her mind to grow, and those obligations would just be hindrances to her writing (McQuade 1255). Her childhood and her staying out of society as an adult, along with many other aspects known and not known, influence her poems and the style in which she goes about writing the works. Her techniques of writing are completely different from any other writer, whether prose or poetry. Dickinson composes her phrases by marking them off with a dash, placing a space before and after. This small maneuver places more emphasis on her â€Å"impress of the mind in its analysis of experience† (McQuade 125 6). Her slant thymes and unique form of expression produces more of an oddness to the audience. One of Emily Dickinson’s unique forms of writing is her excessive useShow MoreRelatedUnique Elements Within Dickinson s Poetry1188 Words   |  5 PagesPoetry Emily Dickinson is considered to be one of the most popular and prolific poets of her time period. Dickinson had a unique style of writing which pulled in influence from both the Romantic and Realist periods. Dickinson’s style of writing had many elements, such as imagery and advanced vocabulary, which helped differentiate herself from other poets. 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Life Transition - 1126 Words

Jane Doe is the strongest person I know. She is my mother. Jane raised my brother and me on her own for most of our teenage years. Jane worked nights as a bartender to support us. When we arrived home from school, Jane was just leaving for work. My brother and I learned great work ethics from her example. Jane was also the strongest person I have ever known in my life. When Jane divorced, she knew that getting remarried was something she had no interest in doing. She just knew that she would take care of herself and her kids on her own no matter what it took. Jane never went to college. She was married right after she graduated from high school and started a family. Jane turned 65 years†¦show more content†¦Jane felt that her job in life was to take care of her children, not have her children take care of her. To Jane it felt like she was losing her independence, which is what most people look forward to while growing up. Jane was at a stage in her life where she was tra nsforming back to being dependent on others to survive. In Erik Erikson’s development stages he assumes that people will encounter a crisis at every stage, which involves a person’s psychological needs conflicting with society needs. In stage eight Erikson focuses on people who are 65 years of age and older, who may be struggling with a conflict over Ego Integrity vs. Despair. Jane was starting to feel dissatisfied with her life and what she had accomplished. What Jane was feeling was typical according to Erikson’s development stages. Some people may feel accomplish about the life they have lived, while others at this stage may be saddened by the things they have not accomplished. Erikson stated that the crisis people went through at each stage needs to be resolved by the ego at the same stage, otherwise development may not proceed correctly (Davis Clifton, 95). Jane’s depression about her life needed to be resolved before she could move on. People encouraged Jane to look at life as though she was starting a new chapter. Jane was going to do just that, start a new chapter in her life. When she moved to Indiana her daughter discussed the option of Jane working with her. JaneShow MoreRelatedRetirement Is An Important Life Transition1741 Words   |  7 Pagesrecognised as being an important life transition (Szinovacz, 1980), associated with a number of adjustments including social roles, income and daily routine adaption’s (Pinquart Schindler, 2007). Although there is no single definition of what retirement is within existing literature (Denton Spencer, 2009), it can arguably be best understood as an subjective journey involving a psychosocial transition rather than a single event of exiting work or an objective life transition (Matour Prout, 2007, KimRead MoreThe Soldier For Life- Transition Assistance Program1371 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Anytime one is dealing with a transition in their life, there will always be the unknown. That’s exactly how I felt when retiring from the United States Army. After being with one career for 21 years of my life, that’s all I really knew. I faced many challenges when dealing with â€Å"Life after the Military†. The military has provided a program that helped me deal with my transition from soldier to civilian life. 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Conducted automated and manual pre-separation briefings and delivered job assistance training in groups or individual setting. Assisted clients learning resume writing techniques and provided resume reviews and feedbacks. Built connection and rapport with all Service Members during the transition. Worked inRead MoreDemographic Trends Of The Demographic Transition Model846 Words   |  4 PagesThe demographic transition model shows historical population trends of two demographic characteristics such as birth rate and death rate. (Grover, D. 2014). In 1929 a demographic observer named Warren Thompson decided to make a chart that showed transitions in death and birth rates changed in an industrialized society of the last two hundred years. (Montgomery, K. 2015). The demographic model shows if population increased or decreased in all countries due to their economy stability.Read MoreF Time : Family Life Cycle Transition Essay1357 Words   |  6 PagesDiscuss one example of an off-time family life cycle transition. An â€Å"off-time† family life cycle transition is a non-normative event that happens outside the expected life cycle and may cause trauma or a conflict to the family of the child with the disability. These events that happen are known as unexpected transitions which are experienced at an unanticipated or unusual time during the life cycle transition of a family who have a child with disabilities (Turnbull, Turnbull, Erwin, Soodak, Read MoreNew High School Graduation Requirements789 Words   |  4 Pagesactivities, as well as serves as a repository for their career readiness skills and personal accomplishments (Solberg, Phelps, Haakenson, Durham, Timmons, 2012). 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Here the polymer expands without coming back to the original shape under the glass transition temperature. Once it is brought above this temperature, it returns to its normal state. Polymer alloys

The Ethical Principle Of Confidentiality Essay - 757 Words

Vignette One Remley and Herlihy (2016) defines confidentiality as an ethical concept which refers to the counselor s obligation to respect the client s privacy and in session discussion will be protected from disclosure without their consent (p.108). The receptionist never disclosed what was being discussed in wife A session; however, her inadvertent breach of confidentiality occurred the moment she divulged the fact that wife A is a patient at a mental health facility. An important premise to understanding the ethical principle of confidentiality is base that a counselor respects the client s right to privacy (Remley Herlihy, 2016; Quigley, 2007). Premise one states the counselor honor the rights of clients to decide who knows what information about them and in what circumstances (p.110). On the contrary, if wife A can prove emotional distress due to the receptionist s breach of confidentiality, she may be entitled to a settlement. From this vignette it was evident that wife A was not ready to disclosed to her husband that she was seeing a counselor. Texas Health and Safety Code, chapter 611 states a licensee shall not disclose any communication, record, or identity of a client† (Rule  § 681.45). Although, a novice counselor may believe this was a minor in fracture that the receptionist has caused without a doubt a violation to wife A’s right to privacy. A licensee’s is held legally responsible for a breach of confidentiality cause by even their subordinates namelyShow MoreRelatedPrinciples of Confidentiality, Ethical Theories, and a Presented Case Study on the Z Family and the Practitioners Ethical Decisions1511 Words   |  7 PagesA. Introduction This paper will look at the principles of confidentiality, ethical theories, and a presented case study on the Z family and the practitioners’ ethical decisions. It will provide a better understanding of how moral and ethical situations can be approached by the practitioner, and giving examples and theories that can be put into practice in difficult decisions. B. Ethical Theory The importance of ethical theory plays a large role in nursing practices. It is often difficult to understandRead MoreEthical Principles : Informed Consent, Right Of Withdrawal, Confidentiality, And Protection From Harm2896 Words   |  12 PagesIt is the intention of this essay to evaluate two studies regarding their treatment of the following ethical principles: Informed consent, right of withdrawal, confidentiality, anonymity, and protection from harm. The two articles are: â€Å"Infectious Hepatitis: Evidence for Two Distinctive Clinical, Epidemological, and Immunological Types of Infection† by Saul Krugman, MD, Joan P. Giles, MD, and Jack Hammond, MD (1967) and â€Å"Perspectives on quality of life of people with intellectual disabilities:Read MoreImportance of Ethical Theory in Nursing1322 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The concept of ethical nursing and culturally competent care are becoming more and more important in the contemporary nursing practice (Smith Godfrey,2002).Despite their general appreciation in nursing practice, challenges and dilemma often clouds their application in a world which is continually being marked with a culturally diverse and demanding population. In this paper we present a critical review of ethics and cultural competence in professional nursing practice with a clearRead MoreWhen Is It Ok to Break Confidentiality?1232 Words   |  5 PagesWhen is it OK to Break Confidentiality? Confidentiality is central to trust between doctors, medical team and patients. Patients have a right to expect that information about them will be held in confidence. The birth of the Hippocratic Oath in the fourth century started the responsibility of physicians to preserve the privacy and confidentiality of their patients. One of the provisions of the Oath lays the ethical foundation for the physician’s duty of confidentiality even beyond the circumstancesRead MoreThe Ethical Consequences Of Breaching A Patient Confidentiality872 Words   |  4 PagesConfidentiality is one of the main duties of health care providers. They are required to keep information about patient’s health private unless the patient give permission to release his/her health information (De Bord et al, 2013). Dilemmas in patient’s confidentiality may arise when there is disagreement between confidentiality and other ethical principles such as avoiding harm to the patient or others. The aims of this essay is to describe my professional viewpoint on the confidentiality of aRead MoreEthical Framework in Practice1246 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: APPLYING ETHICAL FRAMEWORK IN PRACTICE Applying Ethical Framework in Practice Jaclyn Hughes Grand Canyon University: NRS-437V August 21, 2011 Applying Ethical Framework in Practice Patient confidentiality is one thing that cannot be breached nor as a patient that you would want to be breached. In this day and age as healthcare professionals it is a very fine line of what breaching confidentiality is. We all want to know that when we are sick and in the hospital, the one thingRead MoreConfidentiality in Group Therapy1370 Words   |  6 Pages| Confidentiality in Group therapy | | ------------------------------------------------- Over the past several decades the advancement of group modalities in the mental health profession, has brought about several potentially challenging ethical and legal scenarios that pertain specifically to confidentiality, privileged communication and privacy in group work. The inherent power of therapeutic groups to bring about personal change for members has seen increasing recognition in recentRead MoreEthical Framework1199 Words   |  5 PagesRunning Head: EITHICAL FRAMEWORK Ethical Framework Grand Canyon University: NRS437V June 14, 2010 Ethical Framework As a professional health care worker, the implication confidentiality breach regarding ethical dilemmas are significant to nurse and patient. The information disclosed can cause problems on a personal and professional level. Breach of confidentiality occurs when the heath care work discloses the patient s medical or personal information without the patient s informed writtenRead MoreEthical Principles in Nursing Essay734 Words   |  3 PagesThere are five principles to ethical nursing. The first principle, nonmaleficence, or do no harm, it is directly tied to a nurses duty to protect the patients safety. This principle dictates that we do not cause injury to our patients. A way that harm can occur to patients is through communication failures. These failures can be intentional or as a result of electronic or human error. Failing to convey accurate information, giving wrong messages, and breaking down of equipment, can cause harmRead MoreNursing Code Of Ethics And Relevant Ethica l Principles1523 Words   |  7 PagesNursing Code of Ethics and Relevant Ethical Principles The International Council of Nurses (ICN) Code of Ethics for Nurses has four principal elements that shape the standards of ethical conduct within the nursing profession. These elements include the people nurses take care of and come into contact with, the practice they take part in, the profession they belong to, and the co-workers they work with (International Council of Nurses, 2012). Within these elements there are three standards nurses

Hamlets Enlightenment free essay sample

The level of consciousness of humanity can best be divided into two components, the enlightened and the unenlightened. Those who are enlightened understand how to cease suffering and therefore end it to find bliss. The unenlightened do not comprehend how to can escape misery and are therefore doomed to frustration. The purpose of life is to go from being unenlightened to enlightenment. Shakespeare’s character Hamlet takes a journey which is a representation of the unenlightened reaching a type of enlightenment. This process which is elaborated on throughout the play of Hamlet shows how the individual can also attain this higher state of awareness and happiness for themselves. Hamlet’s journey parallels the path to enlightenment involving the Four Noble Truths of Buddha; Dukkha (The Nature of Suffering), Samudaya (Suffering’s Origin), Nirodha (Suffering’s Cessation), and Maga (The Way: Ending Suffering). Hamlet is able to grasp a deep understanding of Dukkha. We will write a custom essay sample on Hamlets Enlightenment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ironically, this first step towards enlightenment is what is causing him pain: How weary, stale, flat, and unprofitable/ Seems to me all the uses of the world!/ Fie on’t, ah fie! ‘Tis an unweeded garden/ That grows to seed. Things rank and gross in nature/ Posses it merely. That it should come to this! (1.2. 133-137) However, his torment is what motivates him to continue to reach to a higher conscious level. Thus Hamlet continues on his journey and to find the source of his distress and how he can alleviate it. Hamlet knows that he is unhappy with the death of his father and hastily marriage between his mother and his uncle. â€Å"†¦Oh, most wicked speed to post/ With such dexterity to incestuous sheets!†(156-157 1.2.). Hamlet further grows in awareness when he makes the discovery that â€Å"The serpent that did sting thy father’s life/ Now wears his crown† (1.5. 38-39). Thus he uncovers all origins of his torment (Samudaya). Hamlet at this point completely understand the origin of his suffering and begins to fight in ord er to make things right. Hamlet then experiments using his ingenuity and wit to incorporate Nirodha. One of his plans involves the presentation of The Mouse Trap resembling the events of his father’s murder in order to get his uncle to confess his sin. â€Å"I’ll have grounds/ More relative than this—the play’s the thing/ Wherein I’ll catch the conscience of the King.† (2.2 57-59) This attempt is then followed by his slaying of Polonius, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, Laertes, and finally his uncle. Despite his uncle’s attempt to stop him from completing his operation, he escapes from the vessel that was carrying him to his execution so that he could carry out his undertaking to do right. Hamlet attains Maga through death. In Hamlet’s mind, death is the only possible way for him to achieve his goal, to be released from the pain of the world. â€Å"We end the heart-ache and the thousand natural shocks/ That the flesh is heir t o; ‘tis a consummation/ Devoutly to be wished.† (3.1 6-9) Once Hamlet has completed his mission he dies. He has fulfilled his purpose as an individual and has ceased his suffering. â€Å"When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,/ Must give us pause; there’s the respect/ That makes calamity so long a life.†(3.1 12-14) Hamlet’s passage is a representation of the attainment of enlightenment. He is an ordinary being who reaches a higher conscious state and therefore frees himself from his suffering. The path in which any other individual can reach to this pinnacle is clearly presented because Hamlet has taken the journey previously. This is proof that anyone can escape from their misery and reach contentment.